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Scientists investigate global spread of stinging jellyfish

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Get it off of me! Get it off of me!” shrieked Mary Carman, a marine ecologist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) as she flailed knee deep in the bath-like water of Farm Pond on Martha’s Vineyard.

She was observing tunicates (also known as sea squirts) in the quiet coastal pond, garbed in a full wetsuit and snorkeling gear as she hovered through the shallow grassy water. She was well covered except for parts of her face, including her lips which became a landing spot for a clinging, stinging jelly.

“The sting was one of the most painful things I’ve experienced in my life—I liken it to being injected by five hypodermic needles simultaneously,” she said.

Despite the ensuing pain and “two days of nausea,” Carman has been back in Farm Pond on several occasions. But instead of looking at tunicates, she’s been collecting samples of the toxic jellies, scientifically known as Gonionemus sp. In the past several years, she, along with WHOI biologist Annette Govindarajan and their colleagues, has been tracking these clinging jellyfish which, according to a new study, appear to be expanding throughout the Cape and Islands region.

Conducting research in Farm Pond on Martha's Vineyard in August 2013, WHOI scientist Mary Carman was stung by a clinging jellyfish. She investigated further and found more reports of clinging jellyfish stings in the area. Photo by Dann Blackwood, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole.
Conducting research in Farm Pond on Martha’s Vineyard, WHOI scientist Mary Carman was stung by a clinging jellyfish. (Photo by Dann Blackwood, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole)
In recent years, we’ve started to see these jellies show up in a number of major coastal ponds across the island in addition to Farm Pond,” said Carman, the lead author of the study. “Confirmed locations have included Sengekontacket Pond, Stonewall Pond, and Lake Tashmoo,” said Carman, the lead author of the study. “Now, we’re seeing a new invasion in Edgartown Great Pond, the largest great pond on the island’s south shore.”

Secret hitchhikers

The toxic invader looks like a clear, medium-sized coat button collared with several dozen threadlike tentacles. The tentacles sport adhesive-like pads that allow the animal to stick to eelgrass, seaweeds—and yes, lips too—before emitting venomous neurotoxins that can cause extreme pain, breathing difficulties, and blisters. Their origin is unclear.  The jellyfish were abundant in a few New England locations, including Eel Pond in Woods Hole, Mass. in the late 1800s until about 1930, when they all but disappeared after a slime mold decimated most of the region’s eelgrass. Carman and Govindarajan are unaware of any regional reports of stings during this period, although stings had been reported from the Sea of Japan.

The jellies resurged on Cape Cod in the 1990s, with the first documented sting report occurring in 1990 in Waquoit Bay. The first documented Martha’s Vineyard sting occurred in 2006 and it appears that the population has been expanding there ever since. According to the study, in one of the newly colonized sites (Edgartown Great Pond), jellyfish were clustered in a cove with a public boat ramp, suggesting that transport on boat hulls could be promoting their distribution around the island. “The jellyfish have life cycle stages that can be less than a millimeter in size and that adhere to surfaces, so they could very easily be hitchhiking on boats without being seen,” said Govindarajan.

The study points to another factor possibly contributing to the spread: cloning. This particular species is known to have the ability to make multiple copies of itself during various stages of asexual reproduction. “As we analyzed the sex ratio of our samples, we discovered that all of the jellies collected at Edgartown Great Pond were male,” said Govindarajan. “This is consistent with the possibility that this particular population is clonal, and that asexual reproduction is contributing to their spread. But we need more information on the dynamics of these stages, such as how long they can persist and what factors trigger them to produce jellyfish.

Across the pond

According to the researchers, the toxic jelly outbreak isn’t just a local phenomenon: the animals have been found along the coasts of Russia, Japan, China, the Mediterranean, Argentina, and most recently, along Sweden’s rocky west coast, where just last summer, a number of bathers were stung. That outbreak was documented in another study in which Govindarajan and colleagues from Sweden compared DNA sequences of clinging jellies collected at the site with those found along the US East Coast and other parts of the world, and discovered some genetic similarities.

We found some common genetic variants occurring in disparate locations where stings have been reported,” said Govindarajan. “We’re not sure what’s triggering these toxic outbreaks – multiple factors may be at play, but human-mediated transport of the tiny, cryptic life stages may have a role globally as well as locally.

Björn Källström, a marine biologist at Gothenburg Marine Biological Laboratory and co-author of the study, says underwater photographers have observed clinging jellies in Sweden in the past, but last summer marked the first time that people there reported being stung.

One factor may have been the really hot and dry summer we had last year, which caused water temperatures at the site to surge 3°C above seasonal averages,” he said. “Previous studies have suggested that when ocean temperatures are warmer, clinging jellyfish production is triggered. And when they increase in numbers, more people are likely to encounter and get stung by them.”

Avoiding hot spots

With a host of possible factors at play—anthropogenic transport, warmer ocean temperatures, and the comeback of eelgrass—Govindarajan, Carman, and their international colleagues plan to continue studying the stinging creatures to better understand the intricacies of the spread.

Källström feels that in the near term, the research can help bathers avoid areas where the jellies are likely to disperse.

Climatologist have predicted another hot, dry summer in Sweden, which means that we could see another outbreak over the next few months,” he said. “And this time, we suspect it may spread to other locations along the coast. So, we’ll be developing models to help predict where the jellies may go, so people know which areas to stay away from.”

Govindarajan agrees. “The more we can learn about how they’re expanding and the types of conditions the jellies are thriving in, the more we’ll be able to identify where the hot spots are and educate the public.”

Gonvindarajan says the community can also help the monitoring effort by reporting sightings of clinging jellies to jellyfish@whoi.edu—although she cautions people to be careful, and to not handle the jellies.

For more information about the work of WHOI please visit their website by clicking here.

Marine Life & Conservation

Shark Trust launches Oceanic 31 Shark Art Auction

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After a two-year tour of UK art galleries, community spaces and aquariums, the Shark Trust’s acclaimed Oceanic31 exhibition takes its final bow at the Royal Geographical Society later this month. And the unique collection of artwork, depicting 31 species of oceanic sharks and rays, donated by 31 artists, is now open for bids from art lovers and shark enthusiasts. The online auction, launched today, will close on the 7th December at 8pm (BST). The money raised will support the Shark Trust Oceanics Programme.

People can now bid on 27 of the artworks by visiting this website:

https://superstars-auctions.com/sharktrustauction

It is a chance to own a beautiful piece of original art and to support the Shark Trust. The timing of the auction also means that these would make a very special Christmas gift for any shark-lover.

The diversity of pieces mirrors that of the sharks and rays they represent. You can bid on paintings, digital creations, sculptures, mixed media and more. You can pick your favourite artist or species of shark. Or you can select the perfect artwork to make a statement in your home or office. Whichever you choose, you will be supporting the work to protect these amazing animals.

One of the pieces of art has been selected to be auctioned live by Steve Backshall at the For the Love of Sharks event at the Royal Geographical Society in London on the 29th November. In addition to this, two further pieces will be raffled at this event, giving people a chance to win an incredible piece of shark art. For the Love of Sharks is the Shark Trust’s flagship evening. A night to celebrate sharks. Steve Backshall is the headline speaker at this event that will see other prominent shark advocates join him on stage.

Tickets for the event can be snapped up here:

https://thesharktrust.org.uk/Event/flos24

Those that would like to see the Oceanic 31 exhibition have one final chance. It is being displayed at the Pavilion at the Royal Geographic Society from 26th November until the 7th December. Entry is free.

Find out more here:

https://www.rgs.org/events/upcoming-events/oceanic-31

 Paul Cox, Shark Trust CEO, Said “This exhibition has given us the opportunity to reach out to a new audience. And inspire more people with the wonderful sharks and rays on which our Big Shark Pledge campaign is based. We are immensely grateful to the 31 artists who have worked so hard to create these works.”

Bid for your favourite Oceanic 31 artwork here:
https://superstars-auctions.com/sharktrustauction


Banner Image: Smooth Hammerhead by Alicia Hayden

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Gear News

Introducing the RS Series Drysuit from DYNAMICNORD

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drysuit

Cozy and warm in cold water.

It’s drysuit season all year round. With the new RS series premium drysuits from DYNAMICNORD, divers are perfectly equipped for all cold waters.

The sophisticated cut of the RS drysuits allows complete freedom of movement, providing maximum comfort. The high-quality 350 g/m² ripstop material with double ripstop zones on the elbows, knees, and crotch protect ensures extreme robustness as well as long life.

drysuit drysuit

The suit’s features leave nothing to be desired: A high-quality TiZip zipper, easily adjustable inlet and outlet valves, upgradeable with electrically heated underwear, HP bottleneck cuffs made of high-strength latex on the wrists, a 3mm neoprene neck cuff for maximum comfort, a 7mm hood with air outlet and 3mm boots made of double-sided, cross-layered neoprene with ankle straps and fin strap stoppers and a protective but very flexible sole.

drysuit

Noteworthy is the Molle fastening system, which can be used in a variable and compatible manner. This way, the two detachable leg pockets can be attached easily, safely and comfortably.

Alterations of boots to a different shoe size or adjustments to neck or wrist cuffs are done free of charge at the own DYNAMICNORD service centre in Germany in only a couple of days.

The matching Dynaskins made with high-quality Polartec® technology are available in various designs. As an undersuit under the drysuit, as a single suit in warm waters or as a two-piece suit. Polartec® technology’s main features are neutral buoyancy, breathablilty and quick-drying.

drysuit

Dynaskins are made largely from recycled plastic bottles.

The drysuit RS-351 for men and RS-352 for women are now available at your DYNAMICNORD dealer and in the online store.

Colors men and women: Black-Blue and Black-Burgundy

Sizes men: XS-4XL incl. intermediate sizes MS, MT, MLS, MLT, LS, LT, XLS, XLT, 2XLS, 3XLS, 4XLS

Sizes Women: XS-XL incl. intermediate sizes MS, MT, LS, XLS

DYNAMICNORD – Your Outdoor Companion.

www.dynamicnord.com

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