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BSAC releases gas density tables – sign up to FREE webinar this Sunday
BSAC has released three sets of gas density tables for its members.
Considered an important source of safety information based on empirical research, the tables are intended to inform planning for safer deeper diving (>40m). In recent years there has been an increased understanding of the importance of gas density in gases breathed under pressure. BSAC has now released tables that recommend breathing mixes for open and closed-circuit divers.
The tables were specifically developed for mixed gas divers but gas density values also have implications for informing safe depth parameters for air and nitrox divers. The new tables align with findings from research conducted by Gavin Anthony and Professor Simon Mitchell that were presented in 2015 in a paper entitled Respiratory physiology of rebreather diving. Gavin is a BSAC member and Advanced Instructor, as well as the principal scientific advisor for BSAC National Diving Committee (NDC) Technical Group. He has been involved in the development of these tables from inception through to publication. The tables were then formulated by BSAC Technical Instructors Trevor Davies and Mike Rowley.
Mike Rowley said: “I’m thrilled to be able to release this really important safety support for our members. Gavin and Simon made the research freely available online but the point of developing look-up tables was so divers can see at a glance what the optimum gas mixture is for any given depth and application.”
BSAC members can access and download the gas density tables online.
So, what is gas density and why is it important for divers?
Gas density is a measure of mass per unit volume, measured in grams per litre (g/l). The deeper you go the density of the air you breathe increases. A high gas density means a given volume of gas weighs more and takes more effort to move, resulting in increased work of breathing (WOB).
Gas density is why WOB increases as we go deeper, and increased WOB, in turn, predisposes divers to CO2 retention. It is increasingly accepted that elevated breathing gas densities are dangerous and may well be implicated in exacerbating a range of diving ailments including not only CO2 retention but also O2 toxicity, nitrogen narcosis, decompression illness and immersion pulmonary oedema. Furthermore, elevated gas densities can impair the performance of breathing equipment such as regulators and rebreathers.
Mike Rowley said, “The role of gas density and its relevance has not been universally addressed in diving education. However, BSAC is now assisting divers in factoring this into diving planning with these new tables. The tables allow the diver to readily see optimum gas mixtures based upon gas density therefore they are a proactive planning tool.”
In relation to BSAC diver training and safety recommendations:
- This update has already been included in BSAC’s Safe Diving guidance.
- Gas density is to become the basis for gas planning in all of the BSAC mixed gas courses.
- Gas density also has implications to inform Dive Leader, Advanced Diver and First Class Diver safe diving parameters.
The National Diving Committee (NDC) will be working on and considering the above in its ongoing developments.
What are the tables exactly?
The BSAC gas density tables show in tabular form:
- Breathing gas densities for a variety of gas mixtures including air, nitrox, trimix and heliox at depths of 5m increments from 35 metres to 130 metres.
- Equivalent narcotic depths (END) for each gas mixture and depth increment.
There are three tables in total. Two tables are for open circuit gas mixtures. One is based upon a partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) of 1.4 bar. This table is for use by open-circuit divers choosing safe dive gas. The other open-circuit table is based on a PO2 of 1.6 bar and is intended for use by open-circuit divers choosing accelerated decompression gases and rebreather divers choosing open-circuit bailout gases.
Each table shows a range of breathing gas mixtures for each depth increment that come within the safe gas density parameters for that depth. Each table also has a much smaller table of “ideal” gas mixtures for the depth increments.
Further information and support
A webinar entitled The lowdown on gas density tables is scheduled for Sunday 21 June from 19:30-20:30. To be held by BSAC’s highly-experienced technical instructor, Mike Rowley, this webinar will help you understand more and give you the opportunity to have your questions answered.
Find out more and sign up online.
Please contact BSAC’s Diver Resources Team with any questions, comments or feedback. They are available at drt@bsac.com or on 0151 350 6203.
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Renowned anti-whaling activist Paul Watson has been released from custody in Greenland after spending five months in detention. Denmark’s Justice Ministry rejected Japan’s request for his extradition, citing insufficient guarantees that his time already served in custody would be credited against any potential sentence.
The 74-year-old Canadian-American was arrested on July 21 in Nuuk, Greenland’s capital, when his ship docked to refuel. His arrest was based on a 2012 Japanese warrant related to a 2010 encounter in Antarctic waters. Japan alleged Watson obstructed operations and caused damage to a whaling research ship during efforts to disrupt illegal whaling. Watson has consistently denied these claims, maintaining his commitment to marine conservation.
Denmark, which oversees extradition matters for Greenland, concluded that while the legal conditions for extradition were met, the lack of assurances from Japan regarding time-served credit made extradition untenable.
In a video shared by his foundation, Watson expressed gratitude and relief, saying, “After five months, it’s good to be out… and good to know they’re not sending me to Japan.” He added that the most difficult part of his time in custody was being separated from his two young sons.
Watson is a pioneering figure in marine conservation, known for founding the Captain Paul Watson Foundation in 2022 after decades of activism with the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. His bold efforts to defend marine life have earned him widespread support, including from celebrities and conservationists. His work has also been featured in the acclaimed reality TV series Whale Wars.
Watson’s lawyer, Jonas Christoffersen, praised the decision, stating, “We are happy and relieved that Paul Watson is now free.” He added that Watson is eager to reunite with his family and continue his vital work.
The arrest occurred while Watson’s vessel, the M/Y John Paul DeJoria, was en route to the North Pacific with a team of 26 volunteers to intercept a Japanese whaling ship. His foundation described the arrest as politically motivated and emphasized that Watson’s actions were focused on ending illegal whaling practices.
Japan resumed commercial whaling in 2019 after leaving the International Whaling Commission, asserting that whale meat is a cultural tradition. Conservationists, however, continue to challenge these practices, highlighting their impact on marine ecosystems.
Despite the challenges, Watson remains steadfast in his mission to protect marine life and bring attention to whaling practices. His dedication to ocean conservation has made him a globally respected advocate for the environment.
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